---
title: "Tundish"
industry: "Basic Metal Manufacturing"
verification_protocol:
  urn: "URN:CNFX:ME:TUNDISH"
  data_integrity_hash: "82dba67db53565c50cf8a51092b81f20"
  source_authority: "https://cnfx.com"
  strict_mode: true
source_identity:
  provider: "CNFX Industrial Knowledge Graph"
  index_version: "2026.Q1-Universal"
  authority_id: "URN:CNFX:ME:TUNDISH"
  data_source_uri: "https://cnfx.com/llms/industry/basic-metal-manufacturing/product/tundish.md"
  official_resource_url: "https://cnfx.com/industry/basic-metal-manufacturing/product/tundish"
  is_verified_logic: true
attributes:
  primary_spec:
    status: "config-dependent"
    typical_range: "1550-1600°C (liquid steel temperature), 0.5-1.5 m³/min (flow rate), 0.1-0.3 MPa (operating pressure)"
    unit: "tonnes"
engineering_limits:
  max_safe_operating_point:
    value: 200
    unit: "°C"
    consequence: "Thermal fatigue from cyclic heating/cooling (coefficient of thermal expansion mismatch: refractory ~5×10⁻⁶/°C vs steel shell ~12×10⁻⁶/°C), chemical erosion by basic slag (CaO-SiO₂-Al₂O₃ system with basicity &gt;1.5)"
fmea_matrix_quantitative:
  - node_1:
      trigger: "Refractory thermal spalling due to rapid temperature changes exceeding 100°C/min"
      severity: 8
      occurrence: 3
      detection: 4
      mitigation_protocol: "Multi-layer refractory design with graded thermal expansion (MgO-C working lining, Al₂O₃-SiO₂ backup, insulating layer)"
  - node_2:
      trigger: "Slag carryover from ladle exceeding 0.5% of steel mass"
      severity: 8
      occurrence: 3
      detection: 4
      mitigation_protocol: "Argon bubbling through porous plug at 5-10 L/min to prevent alumina adhesion"
bom_nodes:
  refractory-lining-0:
    type: "component"
    urn: "URN:CNFX:ME:REFRACTORY_LINING_0"
    interface_type: "physical-logic-coupled"
  submerged-entry-nozzle-sen-1:
    type: "part"
    urn: "URN:CNFX:ME:SUBMERGED_ENTRY_NOZZLE_SEN"
    interface_type: "physical-logic-coupled"
  flow-control-device-slide-gate-or-stopper-rod-2:
    type: "part"
    urn: "URN:CNFX:ME:FLOW_CONTROL_DEVICE_SLIDE_GATE_OR_STOPPER_ROD"
    interface_type: "physical-logic-coupled"
manufacturing_compliance:
  - standard: "ISO 9001:2015 - QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS"
    scope: "Verified Engineering Specification"
  - standard: "EN 10025-2:2019 - HOT ROLLED PRODUCTS OF STRUCTURAL STEELS"
    scope: "Verified Engineering Specification"
url: "https://cnfx.com/llms/industry/basic-metal-manufacturing/product/tundish.md"
on_chain_sovereignty:
  contract_standard: "ERC-721-Industrial"
  metadata_hash: "5cd6abc3c8c02cb34c4074b4644e73b040ed2d8aeaed23cd4880434e23c5cae5"
  royalty_logic: "IPFS-CID-REQUIRED"
  mint_status: "logic-verified-ready"
version: "3.3.4-EXTREME-SOVEREIGN-WEB3"
---

# Industrial Specification: Tundish

## 1. Technical Definition
A refractory-lined vessel used in continuous casting to receive molten metal from a ladle and distribute it evenly to the mold.

## 2. Engineering Reasoning & Causal Matrix
> **Operational Intelligence**: Designed for **1550-1600°C (liquid steel temperature), 0.5-1.5 m³/min (flow rate), 0.1-0.3 MPa (operating pressure)**. Failure boundary: **Refractory lining erosion exceeding 50% thickness, thermal gradient exceeding 200°C/cm, steel temperature dropping below 1520°C**, Mechanism: **Thermal fatigue from cyclic heating/cooling (coefficient of thermal expansion mismatch: refractory ~5×10⁻⁶/°C vs steel shell ~12×10⁻⁶/°C), chemical erosion by basic slag (CaO-SiO₂-Al₂O₃ system with basicity &gt;1.5)**.

### 2.1 Analytical Physics Model
Governed by the **Heat Sterilization F0 Lethality Model**:

> **Primary Equation**: $F_0 = \int_{0}^{t} 10^{(T-121.1)/z} dt$  
> **Engineering Impact**: Validates microbial reduction integrity for aseptic packaging.

| Symbol | Variable Definition | Localized Reference |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| T | Process Temp (°C) | **$T \in [1550-1600°C]$ °C** (Per `temperature_range`) |
| t | Exposure Time (min) | Engineering Constant |
| z | Z-value | **10 °C** (Standard for *C. botulinum*) |

### 2.2 FMEA (Failure Mode & Effects Analysis)
| Event Trigger | Severity | Failure Mode | Mitigation Strategy |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Refractory thermal spalling due to rapid temperature changes exceeding 100°C/min | 8 | Molten steel leakage through refractory cracks | Multi-layer refractory design with graded thermal expansion (MgO-C working lining, Al₂O₃-SiO₂ backup, insulating layer) |
| Slag carryover from ladle exceeding 0.5% of steel mass | 8 | Nozzle clogging from alumina buildup (Al₂O₃ deposition &gt;2 mm thickness) | Argon bubbling through porous plug at 5-10 L/min to prevent alumina adhesion |

## 3. Key Technical Parameters
| Parameter | Value | Unit | Status |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| primary_spec | Config-dependent | tonnes | Verified |

## 4. System BOM & Knowledge Routing
### Core Components (Recursive Links)
- [Submerged Entry Nozzle (SEN)](https://cnfx.com/llms/industry/basic-metal-manufacturing/product/submerged-entry-nozzle-sen.md) `(Standalone System)`
- [Flow Control Device (Slide Gate or Stopper Rod)](https://cnfx.com/llms/industry/basic-metal-manufacturing/product/flow-control-device-slide-gate-or-stopper-rod.md) `(Standalone System)`

### Industrial DNA Context (De-duplicated)
**Complementary Dependencies**: **Ladle Turret**, **Continuous Casting Machine**, **Molten Metal Transfer System**  
**Downstream Applications**: Steel Slabs, Steel Blooms, Steel Billets  

## 5. Engineering Risks & FAQ
- **Caution**: 
- **Caution**: 
- **Caution**: 

### Q: What is the primary function of a tundish in continuous casting?
**A**: A tundish acts as an intermediate vessel that receives molten metal from a ladle and distributes it evenly to one or more molds, ensuring consistent flow and quality during continuous casting processes.

### Q: Why are refractory linings like magnesia-based materials used in tundishes?
**A**: Magnesia-based refractory linings provide excellent thermal resistance, erosion protection, and chemical stability against molten metals, extending tundish lifespan and maintaining metal purity in high-temperature operations.

### Q: How do flow control devices like slide gates improve tundish performance?
**A**: Slide gates or stopper rods precisely regulate molten metal flow from the tundish to molds, enabling better control over casting speed, reducing turbulence, and minimizing slag inclusion for higher quality metal products.

## 6. Manufacturing Compliance
- ISO 9001:2015 - QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
- EN 10025-2:2019 - HOT ROLLED PRODUCTS OF STRUCTURAL STEELS

---
### 🛠️ Engineering Resource Access
🔗 **[Full Specification: Tundish](https://cnfx.com/industry/basic-metal-manufacturing/product/tundish)**

### 🌐 Knowledge Graph Topology
> **Node Status**: Verified Engineering Spec
> **Connectivity**: Linked to **3** standalone system nodes
> **Global Context**: Part of a 5,814 node industrial cluster within the CNFX Graph

> **Reference ID**: TUNDISH | **Authority**: CNFX-2026-ST-001 | **Fingerprint**: f14c5879
