---
title: "Calandria or Heat Exchanger Bundle"
industry: "Chemical Manufacturing"
verification_protocol:
  urn: "URN:CNFX:ME:CALANDRIA_OR_HEAT_EXCHANGER_BUNDLE"
  data_integrity_hash: "83325082e437d93821c1479a25f02c2a"
  source_authority: "https://cnfx.com"
  strict_mode: true
source_identity:
  provider: "CNFX Industrial Knowledge Graph"
  index_version: "2026.Q1-Universal"
  authority_id: "URN:CNFX:ME:CALANDRIA_OR_HEAT_EXCHANGER_BUNDLE"
  data_source_uri: "https://cnfx.com/llms/industry/chemical-manufacturing/product/calandria-or-heat-exchanger-bundle.md"
  official_resource_url: "https://cnfx.com/industry/chemical-manufacturing/product/calandria-or-heat-exchanger-bundle"
  is_verified_logic: true
attributes:
  spec:
    status: "config-dependent"
    typical_range: "0.1-1.5 bar absolute pressure, 50-150°C temperature, 0.5-3.0 m/s tube-side flow velocity"
    unit: "mm"
engineering_limits:
  max_safe_operating_point:
    value: 172
    unit: "MPa"
    consequence: "Thermal fatigue from cyclic temperature differentials exceeding 80°C between heating medium and process fluid, flow-induced vibration at Strouhal numbers above 0.3, corrosion-erosion at fluid velocities above 3.5 m/s"
fmea_matrix_quantitative:
  - node_1:
      trigger: "Steam hammer from rapid condensate drainage creating 15 bar pressure spikes"
      severity: 8
      occurrence: 3
      detection: 4
      mitigation_protocol: "Install condensate drainage system with 0.5 second minimum drainage time and pressure relief valves set at 1.8 bar"
  - node_2:
      trigger: "Calcium sulfate scaling deposition exceeding 2.0 mm thickness on tube surfaces"
      severity: 8
      occurrence: 3
      detection: 4
      mitigation_protocol: "Implement automated acid cleaning cycle every 72 operational hours using 5% sulfuric acid solution at 60°C"
bom_nodes:
  heat-exchange-tubes:
    type: "component"
    urn: "URN:CNFX:ME:HEAT_EXCHANGE_TUBES"
    interface_type: "physical-logic-coupled"
  tube-sheets:
    type: "component"
    urn: "URN:CNFX:ME:TUBE_SHEETS"
    interface_type: "physical-logic-coupled"
  bafflessupport-plates:
    type: "component"
    urn: "URN:CNFX:ME:BAFFLESSUPPORT_PLATES"
    interface_type: "physical-logic-coupled"
  tie-rods-and-spacers:
    type: "component"
    urn: "URN:CNFX:ME:TIE_RODS_AND_SPACERS"
    interface_type: "physical-logic-coupled"
manufacturing_compliance:
  - standard: "ISO 16812:2021 - SHELL-AND-TUBE HEAT EXCHANGERS"
    scope: "Verified Engineering Specification"
url: "https://cnfx.com/llms/industry/chemical-manufacturing/product/calandria-or-heat-exchanger-bundle.md"
on_chain_sovereignty:
  contract_standard: "ERC-721-Industrial"
  metadata_hash: "86b2a1ffd7bf2a6ace570066090fe1a4ed61c62d86d5ead05451a7df479723c4"
  royalty_logic: "IPFS-CID-REQUIRED"
  mint_status: "logic-verified-ready"
version: "3.3.4-EXTREME-SOVEREIGN-WEB3"
---

# Industrial Specification: Calandria or Heat Exchanger Bundle

## 1. Technical Definition
A heat transfer assembly consisting of multiple tubes arranged in a bundle, used for evaporation or heating within vacuum evaporator systems.

## 2. Engineering Reasoning & Causal Matrix
> **Operational Intelligence**: Designed for **0.1-1.5 bar absolute pressure, 50-150°C temperature, 0.5-3.0 m/s tube-side flow velocity**. Failure boundary: **Tube wall stress exceeding 172 MPa yield strength (ASTM A179 carbon steel), tube vibration amplitude exceeding 0.3 mm peak-to-peak, tube wall thinning below 1.0 mm minimum thickness**, Mechanism: **Thermal fatigue from cyclic temperature differentials exceeding 80°C between heating medium and process fluid, flow-induced vibration at Strouhal numbers above 0.3, corrosion-erosion at fluid velocities above 3.5 m/s**.

### 2.1 Analytical Physics Model
Governed by the **LMTD Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference**:

> **Primary Equation**: $Q = U \cdot A \cdot \Delta T_{lm}$  
> **Engineering Impact**: Sizing validation for pasteurization and cooling tunnels.

| Symbol | Variable Definition | Localized Reference |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| U | Heat Transfer Coeff | Engineering Constant |
| A | Area | Engineering Constant |
| \Delta T_{lm} | LMTD | Engineering Constant |

### 2.2 FMEA (Failure Mode & Effects Analysis)
| Event Trigger | Severity | Failure Mode | Mitigation Strategy |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Steam hammer from rapid condensate drainage creating 15 bar pressure spikes | 8 | Tube sheet joint failure with 0.5 mm permanent deformation | Install condensate drainage system with 0.5 second minimum drainage time and pressure relief valves set at 1.8 bar |
| Calcium sulfate scaling deposition exceeding 2.0 mm thickness on tube surfaces | 8 | Heat transfer coefficient reduction from 1500 to below 300 W/m²·K | Implement automated acid cleaning cycle every 72 operational hours using 5% sulfuric acid solution at 60°C |

## 3. Key Technical Parameters
| Parameter | Value | Unit | Status |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| spec | Config-dependent | mm | Verified |

## 4. System BOM & Knowledge Routing
### Core Components (Recursive Links)

### Industrial DNA Context (De-duplicated)
**Complementary Dependencies**: **Vacuum Pump System**, **Condenser Unit**, **Feed Preheater**  
**Downstream Applications**: Concentrated Chemical Solutions, Crystallized Salts, Purified Solvents  

## 5. Engineering Risks & FAQ
- **Caution**: 
- **Caution**: 
- **Caution**: 

### Q: What materials are recommended for corrosive chemical applications in calandria bundles?
**A**: For highly corrosive environments in chemical manufacturing, we recommend titanium or nickel alloy calandria bundles. Titanium offers excellent resistance to chlorides and oxidizing acids, while nickel alloys like Hastelloy perform well in reducing acids and alkaline solutions. Duplex stainless steel provides a cost-effective option for moderate corrosion resistance.

### Q: How do baffle plates improve heat exchanger bundle performance?
**A**: Baffle plates in calandria bundles direct shell-side fluid flow across tubes, increasing turbulence and heat transfer efficiency by up to 40%. They also provide structural support to prevent tube vibration and damage. Proper baffle spacing and design minimize pressure drop while maximizing thermal performance in evaporation applications.

### Q: What maintenance considerations are important for vacuum evaporator tube bundles?
**A**: Regular inspection for fouling, corrosion, and tube integrity is crucial. Chemical cleaning protocols should match your specific process fluids. Monitor for tube sheet leaks and ensure proper vacuum sealing. Consider retubing options when corrosion exceeds 20% of tube wall thickness. Proper material selection during initial design significantly extends service life.

## 6. Manufacturing Compliance
- ISO 16812:2021 - SHELL-AND-TUBE HEAT EXCHANGERS

---
### 🛠️ Engineering Resource Access
🔗 **[Full Specification: Calandria or Heat Exchanger Bundle](https://cnfx.com/industry/chemical-manufacturing/product/calandria-or-heat-exchanger-bundle)**

### 🌐 Knowledge Graph Topology
> **Node Status**: Verified Engineering Spec
> **Connectivity**: Linked to **4** standalone system nodes
> **Global Context**: Part of a 5,814 node industrial cluster within the CNFX Graph

> **Reference ID**: CALANDRIA_OR_HEAT_EXCHANGER_BUNDLE | **Authority**: CNFX-2026-ST-001 | **Fingerprint**: 8a32201d
