---
title: "Phase-locked loop"
industry: "Computer, Electronic and Optical Product Manufacturing"
verification_protocol:
  urn: "URN:CNFX:ME:PHASE_LOCKED_LOOP"
  data_integrity_hash: "c1090ed0e1a273b5690f9efaee47c2c3"
  source_authority: "https://cnfx.com"
  strict_mode: true
source_identity:
  provider: "CNFX Industrial Knowledge Graph"
  index_version: "2026.Q1-Universal"
  authority_id: "URN:CNFX:ME:PHASE_LOCKED_LOOP"
  data_source_uri: "https://cnfx.com/llms/industry/computer-electronic-and-optical-product-manufacturing/product/phase-locked-loop.md"
  official_resource_url: "https://cnfx.com/industry/computer-electronic-and-optical-product-manufacturing/product/phase-locked-loop"
  is_verified_logic: true
attributes:
  spec:
    status: "config-dependent"
    typical_range: "0.5-5.0 V input voltage, 1 MHz-2.4 GHz frequency range, -40°C to +125°C temperature"
    unit: "Hz"
engineering_limits:
  max_safe_operating_point:
    value: 15
    unit: "°"
    consequence: "VCO gain nonlinearity causing phase drift, charge pump current mismatch leading to static phase offset, thermal noise exceeding -150 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset"
fmea_matrix_quantitative:
  - node_1:
      trigger: "Power supply ripple exceeding 100 mVpp at 100 kHz"
      severity: 8
      occurrence: 3
      detection: 4
      mitigation_protocol: "LC filter with 60 dB attenuation at 100 kHz, separate analog/digital power domains"
  - node_2:
      trigger: "VCO varactor diode capacitance drift of 15% due to aging"
      severity: 8
      occurrence: 3
      detection: 4
      mitigation_protocol: "Temperature-compensated varactor design, automatic frequency calibration circuit with 0.1% accuracy"
bom_nodes:
  phase-detector:
    type: "part"
    urn: "URN:CNFX:ME:PHASE_DETECTOR"
    interface_type: "physical-logic-coupled"
  loop-filter:
    type: "part"
    urn: "URN:CNFX:ME:LOOP_FILTER"
    interface_type: "physical-logic-coupled"
  voltage-controlled-oscillator-vco:
    type: "part"
    urn: "URN:CNFX:ME:VOLTAGE_CONTROLLED_OSCILLATOR_VCO"
    interface_type: "physical-logic-coupled"
  frequency-divider:
    type: "part"
    urn: "URN:CNFX:ME:FREQUENCY_DIVIDER"
    interface_type: "physical-logic-coupled"
manufacturing_compliance:
  - standard: "ISO 9001:2015 QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS - REQUIREMENTS"
    scope: "Verified Engineering Specification"
  - standard: "ANSI/ESD S20.20-2021 ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE CONTROL PROGRAM"
    scope: "Verified Engineering Specification"
url: "https://cnfx.com/llms/industry/computer-electronic-and-optical-product-manufacturing/product/phase-locked-loop.md"
on_chain_sovereignty:
  contract_standard: "ERC-721-Industrial"
  metadata_hash: "99366fc8d7cce18e306ad25d17a808d4835af72b08c9c1fb7d90fc14a71104a7"
  royalty_logic: "IPFS-CID-REQUIRED"
  mint_status: "logic-verified-ready"
version: "3.3.4-EXTREME-SOVEREIGN-WEB3"
---

# Industrial Specification: Phase-locked loop

## 1. Technical Definition
A control system that generates an output signal whose phase is related to the phase of an input reference signal.

## 2. Engineering Reasoning & Causal Matrix
> **Operational Intelligence**: Designed for **0.5-5.0 V input voltage, 1 MHz-2.4 GHz frequency range, -40°C to +125°C temperature**. Failure boundary: **Phase error exceeding ±15°, lock range deviation beyond ±10% of center frequency, supply voltage below 0.3 V or above 5.5 V**, Mechanism: **VCO gain nonlinearity causing phase drift, charge pump current mismatch leading to static phase offset, thermal noise exceeding -150 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset**.

### 2.1 Analytical Physics Model
Governed by the **Joule Heating & Thermal Resistance**:

> **Primary Equation**: $P = I^2 R = \frac{V^2}{R}$  
> **Engineering Impact**: Governs heating element sizing for shrink tunnels/sealers.

| Symbol | Variable Definition | Localized Reference |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| I | Current | Engineering Constant |
| R | Resistance | Engineering Constant |
| V | Voltage | Engineering Constant |

### 2.2 FMEA (Failure Mode & Effects Analysis)
| Event Trigger | Severity | Failure Mode | Mitigation Strategy |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Power supply ripple exceeding 100 mVpp at 100 kHz | 8 | Reference spur generation at -40 dBc, increased phase noise floor | LC filter with 60 dB attenuation at 100 kHz, separate analog/digital power domains |
| VCO varactor diode capacitance drift of 15% due to aging | 8 | Center frequency shift of 0.5%, reduced lock range to 70% of nominal | Temperature-compensated varactor design, automatic frequency calibration circuit with 0.1% accuracy |

## 3. Key Technical Parameters
| Parameter | Value | Unit | Status |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| spec | Config-dependent | Hz | Verified |

## 4. System BOM & Knowledge Routing
### Core Components (Recursive Links)
- [Phase Detector](https://cnfx.com/llms/industry/computer-electronic-and-optical-product-manufacturing/product/phase-detector.md) `(Standalone System)`
- [Loop Filter](https://cnfx.com/llms/industry/computer-electronic-and-optical-product-manufacturing/product/loop-filter.md) `(Standalone System)`
- [Voltage-Controlled Oscillator (VCO)](https://cnfx.com/llms/industry/computer-electronic-and-optical-product-manufacturing/product/voltage-controlled-oscillator-vco.md) `(Standalone System)`
- [Frequency Divider](https://cnfx.com/llms/industry/computer-electronic-and-optical-product-manufacturing/product/frequency-divider.md) `(Standalone System)`

### Industrial DNA Context (De-duplicated)
**Complementary Dependencies**: **Signal Generator**, **Oscilloscope**, **Spectrum Analyzer**  
**Downstream Applications**: Communication Systems, Radar Systems, Frequency Synthesizers  

## 5. Engineering Risks & FAQ
- **Caution**: 
- **Caution**: 
- **Caution**: 

### Q: What is the primary function of a phase-locked loop in electronic manufacturing?
**A**: A phase-locked loop synchronizes an output signal's phase with an input reference signal, ensuring precise timing and frequency stability in computer, electronic, and optical systems.

### Q: How does the voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) component work in a PLL?
**A**: The VCO generates an output signal whose frequency is controlled by an input voltage from the loop filter, allowing the PLL to adjust and lock onto the reference signal's phase.

### Q: Why are silicon semiconductors preferred for phase-locked loop manufacturing?
**A**: Silicon semiconductors offer excellent thermal stability, high-frequency performance, and cost-effective integration, making them ideal for reliable PLL circuits in industrial applications.

## 6. Manufacturing Compliance
- ISO 9001:2015 QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS - REQUIREMENTS
- ANSI/ESD S20.20-2021 ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE CONTROL PROGRAM

---
### 🛠️ Engineering Resource Access
🔗 **[Full Specification: Phase-locked loop](https://cnfx.com/industry/computer-electronic-and-optical-product-manufacturing/product/phase-locked-loop)**

### 🌐 Knowledge Graph Topology
> **Node Status**: Verified Engineering Spec
> **Connectivity**: Linked to **4** standalone system nodes
> **Global Context**: Part of a 5,814 node industrial cluster within the CNFX Graph

> **Reference ID**: PHASE_LOCKED_LOOP | **Authority**: CNFX-2026-ST-001 | **Fingerprint**: bc9a919a
