---
title: "Voltage-Controlled Oscillator (VCO)"
industry: "Computer, Electronic and Optical Product Manufacturing"
verification_protocol:
  urn: "URN:CNFX:ME:VOLTAGE_CONTROLLED_OSCILLATOR_VCO"
  data_integrity_hash: "6d93fa497424b6f0648710c54d95df91"
  source_authority: "https://cnfx.com"
  strict_mode: true
source_identity:
  provider: "CNFX Industrial Knowledge Graph"
  index_version: "2026.Q1-Universal"
  authority_id: "URN:CNFX:ME:VOLTAGE_CONTROLLED_OSCILLATOR_VCO"
  data_source_uri: "https://cnfx.com/llms/industry/computer-electronic-and-optical-product-manufacturing/product/voltage-controlled-oscillator-vco.md"
  official_resource_url: "https://cnfx.com/industry/computer-electronic-and-optical-product-manufacturing/product/voltage-controlled-oscillator-vco"
  is_verified_logic: true
attributes:
  spec:
    status: "config-dependent"
    typical_range: "0.5-5.0 V input voltage, 1 MHz-2.4 GHz output frequency"
    unit: "MHz/V"
engineering_limits:
  max_safe_operating_point:
    value: 5.5
    unit: "V"
    consequence: "Varactor diode junction breakdown at 6.0 V reverse bias voltage, thermal runaway in active devices at junction temperatures &gt;150°C due to positive temperature coefficient in bipolar transistors"
fmea_matrix_quantitative:
  - node_1:
      trigger: "Input voltage transient exceeding 5.5 V with 10 ns rise time"
      severity: 8
      occurrence: 3
      detection: 4
      mitigation_protocol: "Zener diode clamping at 5.2 V with 1.5 ns response time, series current-limiting resistor of 100 Ω"
  - node_2:
      trigger: "Ambient temperature exceeding 85°C with 100 mW power dissipation"
      severity: 8
      occurrence: 3
      detection: 4
      mitigation_protocol: "Thermal pad with 15°C/W thermal resistance, temperature-compensating bias network using NTC thermistor with 4.7 kΩ at 25°C"
bom_nodes:
  resonant-tank-circuit:
    type: "part"
    urn: "URN:CNFX:ME:RESONANT_TANK_CIRCUIT"
    interface_type: "physical-logic-coupled"
  active-device-transistor:
    type: "component"
    urn: "URN:CNFX:ME:ACTIVE_DEVICE_TRANSISTOR"
    interface_type: "physical-logic-coupled"
  bias-network:
    type: "component"
    urn: "URN:CNFX:ME:BIAS_NETWORK"
    interface_type: "physical-logic-coupled"
  output-bufferamplifier:
    type: "part"
    urn: "URN:CNFX:ME:OUTPUT_BUFFERAMPLIFIER"
    interface_type: "physical-logic-coupled"
  packaging:
    type: "component"
    urn: "URN:CNFX:ME:PACKAGING"
    interface_type: "physical-logic-coupled"
manufacturing_compliance:
  - standard: "IEC 60747-8:2010 (SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES - DISCRETE DEVICES - PART 8: FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS)"
    scope: "Verified Engineering Specification"
  - standard: "ANSI/ESD S20.20:2021 (PROTECTION OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC PARTS, ASSEMBLIES AND EQUIPMENT)"
    scope: "Verified Engineering Specification"
  - standard: "EN 55032:2015/A11:2020 (ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY OF MULTIMEDIA EQUIPMENT - EMISSION REQUIREMENTS)"
    scope: "Verified Engineering Specification"
url: "https://cnfx.com/llms/industry/computer-electronic-and-optical-product-manufacturing/product/voltage-controlled-oscillator-vco.md"
on_chain_sovereignty:
  contract_standard: "ERC-721-Industrial"
  metadata_hash: "94928d607050911f6a012e9b745e6fd3675d858a70b9ec9ad16bb3a1f6f3c2e3"
  royalty_logic: "IPFS-CID-REQUIRED"
  mint_status: "logic-verified-ready"
version: "3.3.4-EXTREME-SOVEREIGN-WEB3"
---

# Industrial Specification: Voltage-Controlled Oscillator (VCO)

## 1. Technical Definition
An electronic oscillator whose oscillation frequency is controlled by an input voltage.

## 2. Engineering Reasoning & Causal Matrix
> **Operational Intelligence**: Designed for **0.5-5.0 V input voltage, 1 MHz-2.4 GHz output frequency**. Failure boundary: **Input voltage exceeding 5.5 V causes varactor diode breakdown at 6.0 V reverse bias, output frequency deviation &gt;±5% from linear control curve**, Mechanism: **Varactor diode junction breakdown at 6.0 V reverse bias voltage, thermal runaway in active devices at junction temperatures &gt;150°C due to positive temperature coefficient in bipolar transistors**.

### 2.1 Analytical Physics Model
Governed by the **Joule Heating & Thermal Resistance**:

> **Primary Equation**: $P = I^2 R = \frac{V^2}{R}$  
> **Engineering Impact**: Governs heating element sizing for shrink tunnels/sealers.

| Symbol | Variable Definition | Localized Reference |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| I | Current | Engineering Constant |
| R | Resistance | Engineering Constant |
| V | Voltage | Engineering Constant |

### 2.2 FMEA (Failure Mode & Effects Analysis)
| Event Trigger | Severity | Failure Mode | Mitigation Strategy |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Input voltage transient exceeding 5.5 V with 10 ns rise time | 8 | Varactor diode junction breakdown causing permanent frequency shift of +15% at nominal control voltage | Zener diode clamping at 5.2 V with 1.5 ns response time, series current-limiting resistor of 100 Ω |
| Ambient temperature exceeding 85°C with 100 mW power dissipation | 8 | Thermal runaway in bipolar transistor causing oscillation cessation at 175°C junction temperature | Thermal pad with 15°C/W thermal resistance, temperature-compensating bias network using NTC thermistor with 4.7 kΩ at 25°C |

## 3. Key Technical Parameters
| Parameter | Value | Unit | Status |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| spec | Config-dependent | MHz/V | Verified |

## 4. System BOM & Knowledge Routing
### Core Components (Recursive Links)
- [Resonant Tank Circuit](https://cnfx.com/llms/industry/computer-electronic-and-optical-product-manufacturing/product/resonant-tank-circuit.md) `(Standalone System)`
- [Output Buffer/Amplifier](https://cnfx.com/llms/industry/computer-electronic-and-optical-product-manufacturing/product/output-bufferamplifier.md) `(Standalone System)`

### Industrial DNA Context (De-duplicated)
**Complementary Dependencies**: **Spectrum Analyzer**, **Network Analyzer**, **Temperature-Controlled Test Chamber**  
**Downstream Applications**: Phase-Locked Loop Circuits, Frequency Synthesizers, Wireless Communication Modules  

## 5. Engineering Risks & FAQ
- **Caution**: 
- **Caution**: 
- **Caution**: 

### Q: What is the typical frequency range for this VCO?
**A**: Our VCOs typically operate from 10 MHz to 10 GHz, with specific ranges customizable based on application requirements in computer and optical manufacturing.

### Q: How does the bias network affect VCO performance?
**A**: The bias network stabilizes operating points, minimizes phase noise, and ensures consistent frequency control across temperature variations in electronic systems.

### Q: What packaging options are available for industrial applications?
**A**: We offer ceramic and metal packaging with surface-mount or through-hole configurations, providing EMI shielding and thermal management for harsh industrial environments.

## 6. Manufacturing Compliance
- IEC 60747-8:2010 (SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES - DISCRETE DEVICES - PART 8: FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS)
- ANSI/ESD S20.20:2021 (PROTECTION OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC PARTS, ASSEMBLIES AND EQUIPMENT)
- EN 55032:2015/A11:2020 (ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY OF MULTIMEDIA EQUIPMENT - EMISSION REQUIREMENTS)

---
### 🛠️ Engineering Resource Access
🔗 **[Full Specification: Voltage-Controlled Oscillator (VCO)](https://cnfx.com/industry/computer-electronic-and-optical-product-manufacturing/product/voltage-controlled-oscillator-vco)**

### 🌐 Knowledge Graph Topology
> **Node Status**: Verified Engineering Spec
> **Connectivity**: Linked to **5** standalone system nodes
> **Global Context**: Part of a 5,814 node industrial cluster within the CNFX Graph

> **Reference ID**: VOLTAGE_CONTROLLED_OSCILLATOR_VCO | **Authority**: CNFX-2026-ST-001 | **Fingerprint**: 45a87e0e
