---
title: "Voltage Regulator (Buck Converter)"
industry: "Computer, Electronic and Optical Product Manufacturing"
verification_protocol:
  urn: "URN:CNFX:ME:VOLTAGE_REGULATOR_BUCK_CONVERTER"
  data_integrity_hash: "c2262ba0eb5c0a27e4be5c109a1a8ecf"
  source_authority: "https://cnfx.com"
  strict_mode: true
source_identity:
  provider: "CNFX Industrial Knowledge Graph"
  index_version: "2026.Q1-Universal"
  authority_id: "URN:CNFX:ME:VOLTAGE_REGULATOR_BUCK_CONVERTER"
  data_source_uri: "https://cnfx.com/llms/industry/computer-electronic-and-optical-product-manufacturing/product/voltage-regulator-buck-converter.md"
  official_resource_url: "https://cnfx.com/industry/computer-electronic-and-optical-product-manufacturing/product/voltage-regulator-buck-converter"
  is_verified_logic: true
attributes:
  spec:
    status: "config-dependent"
    typical_range: "3.3-48 V input, 0.8-24 V output, 1-20 A output current"
    unit: "V"
engineering_limits:
  max_safe_operating_point:
    value: 150
    unit: "°C"
    consequence: "Thermal runaway from switching losses (Psw = fsw × Coss × Vds²), magnetic saturation in inductor core (Bmax &gt; 0.3 T for ferrite), avalanche breakdown in MOSFET (Vds &gt; Vbrdss)"
fmea_matrix_quantitative:
  - node_1:
      trigger: "Input voltage transient exceeding 60 V for &gt;10 μs"
      severity: 8
      occurrence: 3
      detection: 4
      mitigation_protocol: "TVS diode clamping at 55 V with 5 kJ surge rating, input LC filter with 100 μH/100 μF"
  - node_2:
      trigger: "Continuous output overload at 125% rated current for &gt;30 s"
      severity: 8
      occurrence: 3
      detection: 4
      mitigation_protocol: "Current limiting at 110% with foldback, core material selection for 0.4 T saturation flux density"
bom_nodes:
  control-ic:
    type: "component"
    urn: "URN:CNFX:ME:CONTROL_IC"
    interface_type: "physical-logic-coupled"
  power-mosfet:
    type: "component"
    urn: "URN:CNFX:ME:POWER_MOSFET"
    interface_type: "physical-logic-coupled"
  inductor:
    type: "component"
    urn: "URN:CNFX:ME:INDUCTOR"
    interface_type: "physical-logic-coupled"
  output-capacitor:
    type: "component"
    urn: "URN:CNFX:ME:OUTPUT_CAPACITOR"
    interface_type: "physical-logic-coupled"
  feedback-resistor-divider:
    type: "component"
    urn: "URN:CNFX:ME:FEEDBACK_RESISTOR_DIVIDER"
    interface_type: "physical-logic-coupled"
manufacturing_compliance:
  - standard: "ISO 9001:2015 - QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS"
    scope: "Verified Engineering Specification"
  - standard: "IEC 61000-6-2:2019 - ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY (EMC) - GENERIC STANDARDS - IMMUNITY STANDARD FOR INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS"
    scope: "Verified Engineering Specification"
url: "https://cnfx.com/llms/industry/computer-electronic-and-optical-product-manufacturing/product/voltage-regulator-buck-converter.md"
on_chain_sovereignty:
  contract_standard: "ERC-721-Industrial"
  metadata_hash: "d99f77f6e36801bc24fc233709ce5f93c02177c57ba658381af0de48cf104048"
  royalty_logic: "IPFS-CID-REQUIRED"
  mint_status: "logic-verified-ready"
version: "3.3.4-EXTREME-SOVEREIGN-WEB3"
---

# Industrial Specification: Voltage Regulator (Buck Converter)

## 1. Technical Definition
A switching DC-DC power converter that steps down voltage while stepping up current from its input to output.

## 2. Engineering Reasoning & Causal Matrix
> **Operational Intelligence**: Designed for **3.3-48 V input, 0.8-24 V output, 1-20 A output current**. Failure boundary: **Junction temperature exceeds 150°C, input voltage exceeds 60 V, output current exceeds 25 A**, Mechanism: **Thermal runaway from switching losses (Psw = fsw × Coss × Vds²), magnetic saturation in inductor core (Bmax &gt; 0.3 T for ferrite), avalanche breakdown in MOSFET (Vds &gt; Vbrdss)**.

### 2.1 Analytical Physics Model
Governed by the **Joule Heating & Thermal Resistance**:

> **Primary Equation**: $P = I^2 R = \frac{V^2}{R}$  
> **Engineering Impact**: Governs heating element sizing for shrink tunnels/sealers.

| Symbol | Variable Definition | Localized Reference |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| I | Current | Engineering Constant |
| R | Resistance | Engineering Constant |
| V | Voltage | Engineering Constant |

### 2.2 FMEA (Failure Mode & Effects Analysis)
| Event Trigger | Severity | Failure Mode | Mitigation Strategy |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Input voltage transient exceeding 60 V for &gt;10 μs | 8 | MOSFET avalanche breakdown causing permanent short circuit | TVS diode clamping at 55 V with 5 kJ surge rating, input LC filter with 100 μH/100 μF |
| Continuous output overload at 125% rated current for &gt;30 s | 8 | Inductor core saturation (ΔB &gt; 0.35 T) leading to switching FET overcurrent destruction | Current limiting at 110% with foldback, core material selection for 0.4 T saturation flux density |

## 3. Key Technical Parameters
| Parameter | Value | Unit | Status |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| spec | Config-dependent | V | Verified |

## 4. System BOM & Knowledge Routing
### Core Components (Recursive Links)

### Industrial DNA Context (De-duplicated)
**Complementary Dependencies**: **Automated Test Equipment (ATE)**, **Pick-and-Place Machine**, **Reflow Soldering Oven**  
**Downstream Applications**: Desktop Computers, Network Routers, LED Lighting Systems  

## 5. Engineering Risks & FAQ
- **Caution**: 
- **Caution**: 
- **Caution**: 

### Q: What are the key advantages of using GaN or SiC semiconductors in this buck converter?
**A**: GaN (Gallium Nitride) and SiC (Silicon Carbide) semiconductors offer higher switching frequencies, reduced heat generation, and improved efficiency compared to traditional silicon, making them ideal for compact, high-performance voltage regulation in computer and optical manufacturing.

### Q: How does the ferrite core inductor improve performance in this voltage regulator?
**A**: The ferrite core inductor minimizes core losses at high frequencies, enhances energy storage efficiency, and reduces electromagnetic interference (EMI), ensuring stable voltage step-down with minimal power dissipation in sensitive electronic applications.

### Q: What are the critical BOM components for ensuring reliable operation in industrial environments?
**A**: The control IC for precise regulation, power MOSFETs for efficient switching, output capacitors (ceramic/electrolytic) for ripple reduction, feedback resistor dividers for voltage sensing, and robust PCB substrate (FR-4) are essential for durability and performance in manufacturing settings.

## 6. Manufacturing Compliance
- ISO 9001:2015 - QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
- IEC 61000-6-2:2019 - ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY (EMC) - GENERIC STANDARDS - IMMUNITY STANDARD FOR INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS

---
### 🛠️ Engineering Resource Access
🔗 **[Full Specification: Voltage Regulator (Buck Converter)](https://cnfx.com/industry/computer-electronic-and-optical-product-manufacturing/product/voltage-regulator-buck-converter)**

### 🌐 Knowledge Graph Topology
> **Node Status**: Verified Engineering Spec
> **Connectivity**: Linked to **5** standalone system nodes
> **Global Context**: Part of a 5,814 node industrial cluster within the CNFX Graph

> **Reference ID**: VOLTAGE_REGULATOR_BUCK_CONVERTER | **Authority**: CNFX-2026-ST-001 | **Fingerprint**: 2ce90b56
