---
title: "Voltage Regulator Module (VRM)"
industry: "Computer, Electronic and Optical Product Manufacturing"
verification_protocol:
  urn: "URN:CNFX:ME:VOLTAGE_REGULATOR_MODULE_VRM"
  data_integrity_hash: "0ffb3aa92e96868cd7badbc8b7daf0a1"
  source_authority: "https://cnfx.com"
  strict_mode: true
source_identity:
  provider: "CNFX Industrial Knowledge Graph"
  index_version: "2026.Q1-Universal"
  authority_id: "URN:CNFX:ME:VOLTAGE_REGULATOR_MODULE_VRM"
  data_source_uri: "https://cnfx.com/llms/industry/computer-electronic-and-optical-product-manufacturing/product/voltage-regulator-module-vrm.md"
  official_resource_url: "https://cnfx.com/industry/computer-electronic-and-optical-product-manufacturing/product/voltage-regulator-module-vrm"
  is_verified_logic: true
attributes:
  spec:
    status: "config-dependent"
    typical_range: "0.8-1.8 VDC at 100-200 A with ±2% voltage tolerance"
    unit: "mm"
engineering_limits:
  max_safe_operating_point:
    value: 10
    unit: "ms"
    consequence: "Electromigration in MOSFET source-drain channels at current densities &gt;1×10⁶ A/cm² combined with thermal runaway from power dissipation exceeding 25 W/cm²"
fmea_matrix_quantitative:
  - node_1:
      trigger: "Input voltage transient exceeding 20 V/μs slew rate"
      severity: 8
      occurrence: 3
      detection: 4
      mitigation_protocol: "Integrated TVS diode clamping at 13.5 V with 1 ns response time"
  - node_2:
      trigger: "Inductor core saturation at flux density &gt;0.3 T"
      severity: 8
      occurrence: 3
      detection: 4
      mitigation_protocol: "Powdered iron core inductors with distributed gap design maintaining Bmax &lt;0.25 T"
bom_nodes:
  pwm-controller-ic:
    type: "component"
    urn: "URN:CNFX:ME:PWM_CONTROLLER_IC"
    interface_type: "physical-logic-coupled"
  power-mosfets-high-side-low-side:
    type: "component"
    urn: "URN:CNFX:ME:POWER_MOSFETS_HIGH_SIDE_LOW_SIDE"
    interface_type: "physical-logic-coupled"
  output-inductor:
    type: "component"
    urn: "URN:CNFX:ME:OUTPUT_INDUCTOR"
    interface_type: "physical-logic-coupled"
  output-capacitors:
    type: "component"
    urn: "URN:CNFX:ME:OUTPUT_CAPACITORS"
    interface_type: "physical-logic-coupled"
manufacturing_compliance:
  - standard: "ISO 9001:2015 (QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS)"
    scope: "Verified Engineering Specification"
url: "https://cnfx.com/llms/industry/computer-electronic-and-optical-product-manufacturing/product/voltage-regulator-module-vrm.md"
on_chain_sovereignty:
  contract_standard: "ERC-721-Industrial"
  metadata_hash: "5d58594b2a2f1ff5e108066753174f701442a3999cd85afe654a528bcc14143b"
  royalty_logic: "IPFS-CID-REQUIRED"
  mint_status: "logic-verified-ready"
version: "3.3.4-EXTREME-SOVEREIGN-WEB3"
---

# Industrial Specification: Voltage Regulator Module (VRM)

## 1. Technical Definition
A power regulation component that converts and stabilizes input voltage to provide clean, precise power to processors and other sensitive electronics on an interface board.

## 2. Engineering Reasoning & Causal Matrix
> **Operational Intelligence**: Designed for **0.8-1.8 VDC at 100-200 A with ±2% voltage tolerance**. Failure boundary: **Core voltage deviation beyond ±5% of setpoint for &gt;10 ms or MOSFET junction temperature exceeding 150°C**, Mechanism: **Electromigration in MOSFET source-drain channels at current densities &gt;1×10⁶ A/cm² combined with thermal runaway from power dissipation exceeding 25 W/cm²**.

### 2.1 Analytical Physics Model
Governed by the **Joule Heating & Thermal Resistance**:

> **Primary Equation**: $P = I^2 R = \frac{V^2}{R}$  
> **Engineering Impact**: Governs heating element sizing for shrink tunnels/sealers.

| Symbol | Variable Definition | Localized Reference |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| I | Current | Engineering Constant |
| R | Resistance | Engineering Constant |
| V | Voltage | Engineering Constant |

### 2.2 FMEA (Failure Mode & Effects Analysis)
| Event Trigger | Severity | Failure Mode | Mitigation Strategy |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Input voltage transient exceeding 20 V/μs slew rate | 8 | Gate oxide breakdown in power MOSFETs at field strength &gt;10 MV/cm | Integrated TVS diode clamping at 13.5 V with 1 ns response time |
| Inductor core saturation at flux density &gt;0.3 T | 8 | PWM controller current limit violation causing output voltage collapse | Powdered iron core inductors with distributed gap design maintaining Bmax &lt;0.25 T |

## 3. Key Technical Parameters
| Parameter | Value | Unit | Status |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| spec | Config-dependent | mm | Verified |

## 4. System BOM & Knowledge Routing
### Core Components (Recursive Links)

### Industrial DNA Context (De-duplicated)
**Complementary Dependencies**: **Pick-and-Place Machine**, **Reflow Soldering Oven**, **Automated Optical Inspection (AOI) System**  
**Downstream Applications**: Motherboards, Graphics Cards, Server Racks  

## 5. Engineering Risks & FAQ
- **Caution**: 
- **Caution**: 
- **Caution**: 

### Q: What is the primary function of a Voltage Regulator Module (VRM) in computer systems?
**A**: The VRM converts and stabilizes input voltage from the power supply to provide clean, precise power to processors (CPU/GPU) and other sensitive electronic components, ensuring stable operation and preventing damage from voltage fluctuations.

### Q: How does the multi-phase design in VRMs improve power delivery?
**A**: Multi-phase VRMs use multiple power stages (with high-side and low-side MOSFETs) operating in parallel but out of phase. This reduces current per phase, lowers heat generation, minimizes voltage ripple, and improves transient response for demanding processor loads.

### Q: What materials are critical for VRM performance and reliability?
**A**: Key materials include silicon for MOSFETs and controller ICs (enabling fast switching), copper for PCB traces and inductor windings (low resistance), ferrite cores for inductors (efficient energy storage), and ceramic/electrolytic capacitors (filtering and stability), all on an FR-4 PCB substrate.

## 6. Manufacturing Compliance
- ISO 9001:2015 (QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS)

---
### 🛠️ Engineering Resource Access
🔗 **[Full Specification: Voltage Regulator Module (VRM)](https://cnfx.com/industry/computer-electronic-and-optical-product-manufacturing/product/voltage-regulator-module-vrm)**

### 🌐 Knowledge Graph Topology
> **Node Status**: Verified Engineering Spec
> **Connectivity**: Linked to **4** standalone system nodes
> **Global Context**: Part of a 5,814 node industrial cluster within the CNFX Graph

> **Reference ID**: VOLTAGE_REGULATOR_MODULE_VRM | **Authority**: CNFX-2026-ST-001 | **Fingerprint**: e4a00def
