---
title: "Voltage Regulator Module"
industry: "Computer, Electronic and Optical Product Manufacturing"
verification_protocol:
  urn: "URN:CNFX:ME:VOLTAGE_REGULATOR_MODULE"
  data_integrity_hash: "001819992a4ff4d41f146ebfe60b5647"
  source_authority: "https://cnfx.com"
  strict_mode: true
source_identity:
  provider: "CNFX Industrial Knowledge Graph"
  index_version: "2026.Q1-Universal"
  authority_id: "URN:CNFX:ME:VOLTAGE_REGULATOR_MODULE"
  data_source_uri: "https://cnfx.com/llms/industry/computer-electronic-and-optical-product-manufacturing/product/voltage-regulator-module.md"
  official_resource_url: "https://cnfx.com/industry/computer-electronic-and-optical-product-manufacturing/product/voltage-regulator-module"
  is_verified_logic: true
attributes:
  spec:
    status: "config-dependent"
    typical_range: "0.8-1.6 VDC with ±2% regulation tolerance"
    unit: "V"
engineering_limits:
  max_safe_operating_point:
    value: 25
    unit: "VDC"
    consequence: "MOSFET gate oxide breakdown at electric field strength &gt;10 MV/cm due to overvoltage-induced dielectric breakdown"
fmea_matrix_quantitative:
  - node_1:
      trigger: "Electromigration in aluminum interconnects at current density &gt;1×10⁶ A/cm²"
      severity: 8
      occurrence: 3
      detection: 4
      mitigation_protocol: "Copper interconnects with current density limit of 5×10⁵ A/cm² and thermal vias for heat dissipation"
  - node_2:
      trigger: "Thermal runaway from junction temperature exceeding 150°C"
      severity: 8
      occurrence: 3
      detection: 4
      mitigation_protocol: "Integrated temperature sensors with shutdown at 140°C and heatsink with thermal resistance &lt;1.5°C/W"
bom_nodes:
  pwm-controller-ic:
    type: "component"
    urn: "URN:CNFX:ME:PWM_CONTROLLER_IC"
    interface_type: "physical-logic-coupled"
  power-mosfets-high-side-low-side:
    type: "component"
    urn: "URN:CNFX:ME:POWER_MOSFETS_HIGH_SIDE_LOW_SIDE"
    interface_type: "physical-logic-coupled"
  inductor-choke:
    type: "component"
    urn: "URN:CNFX:ME:INDUCTOR_CHOKE"
    interface_type: "physical-logic-coupled"
  output-capacitors:
    type: "component"
    urn: "URN:CNFX:ME:OUTPUT_CAPACITORS"
    interface_type: "physical-logic-coupled"
  input-capacitors:
    type: "component"
    urn: "URN:CNFX:ME:INPUT_CAPACITORS"
    interface_type: "physical-logic-coupled"
manufacturing_compliance:
  - standard: "ISO 9001:2015 QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS"
    scope: "Verified Engineering Specification"
url: "https://cnfx.com/llms/industry/computer-electronic-and-optical-product-manufacturing/product/voltage-regulator-module.md"
on_chain_sovereignty:
  contract_standard: "ERC-721-Industrial"
  metadata_hash: "e133df432bd9fa08af266b6e29e2e13b98adcfcc2be9e8b5cbf98174372ece9b"
  royalty_logic: "IPFS-CID-REQUIRED"
  mint_status: "logic-verified-ready"
version: "3.3.4-EXTREME-SOVEREIGN-WEB3"
---

# Industrial Specification: Voltage Regulator Module

## 1. Technical Definition
A power management component that regulates and stabilizes voltage levels for electronic circuits.

## 2. Engineering Reasoning & Causal Matrix
> **Operational Intelligence**: Designed for **0.8-1.6 VDC with ±2% regulation tolerance**. Failure boundary: **Input voltage exceeds 25 VDC or output current surpasses 120 A for &gt;10 ms**, Mechanism: **MOSFET gate oxide breakdown at electric field strength &gt;10 MV/cm due to overvoltage-induced dielectric breakdown**.

### 2.1 Analytical Physics Model
Governed by the **Joule Heating & Thermal Resistance**:

> **Primary Equation**: $P = I^2 R = \frac{V^2}{R}$  
> **Engineering Impact**: Governs heating element sizing for shrink tunnels/sealers.

| Symbol | Variable Definition | Localized Reference |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| I | Current | Engineering Constant |
| R | Resistance | Engineering Constant |
| V | Voltage | Engineering Constant |

### 2.2 FMEA (Failure Mode & Effects Analysis)
| Event Trigger | Severity | Failure Mode | Mitigation Strategy |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Electromigration in aluminum interconnects at current density &gt;1×10⁶ A/cm² | 8 | Open circuit failure with output voltage drop to 0 V | Copper interconnects with current density limit of 5×10⁵ A/cm² and thermal vias for heat dissipation |
| Thermal runaway from junction temperature exceeding 150°C | 8 | Catastrophic short circuit with input-to-output resistance &lt;0.1 Ω | Integrated temperature sensors with shutdown at 140°C and heatsink with thermal resistance &lt;1.5°C/W |

## 3. Key Technical Parameters
| Parameter | Value | Unit | Status |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| spec | Config-dependent | V | Verified |

## 4. System BOM & Knowledge Routing
### Core Components (Recursive Links)

### Industrial DNA Context (De-duplicated)
**Complementary Dependencies**: **Pick-and-Place Machine**, **Reflow Oven**, **Automated Optical Inspection System**  
**Downstream Applications**: Motherboards, Graphics Cards, Power Supply Units  

## 5. Engineering Risks & FAQ
- **Caution**: 
- **Caution**: 
- **Caution**: 

### Q: What is the primary function of a voltage regulator module?
**A**: A voltage regulator module stabilizes and regulates input voltage to provide a consistent, clean output voltage for sensitive electronic circuits, preventing damage from voltage fluctuations.

### Q: What materials are used in high-quality voltage regulator modules?
**A**: Premium VRMs use silicon for ICs and MOSFETs, copper for PCB traces and inductor windings, ferrite cores for inductors, and ceramic/electrolytic capacitors on FR-4 PCB substrates for durability.

### Q: How does PWM control improve voltage regulation efficiency?
**A**: Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) control in VRMs switches power MOSFETs at high frequency, enabling precise voltage adjustment with minimal heat generation and high energy efficiency up to 95%.

## 6. Manufacturing Compliance
- ISO 9001:2015 QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

---
### 🛠️ Engineering Resource Access
🔗 **[Full Specification: Voltage Regulator Module](https://cnfx.com/industry/computer-electronic-and-optical-product-manufacturing/product/voltage-regulator-module)**

### 🌐 Knowledge Graph Topology
> **Node Status**: Verified Engineering Spec
> **Connectivity**: Linked to **5** standalone system nodes
> **Global Context**: Part of a 5,814 node industrial cluster within the CNFX Graph

> **Reference ID**: VOLTAGE_REGULATOR_MODULE | **Authority**: CNFX-2026-ST-001 | **Fingerprint**: 898c0f16
