---
title: "Relay"
industry: "Electrical Equipment Manufacturing"
verification_protocol:
  urn: "URN:CNFX:ME:RELAY"
  data_integrity_hash: "59ccafa760c4c6b3f2930843356ea220"
  source_authority: "https://cnfx.com"
  strict_mode: true
source_identity:
  provider: "CNFX Industrial Knowledge Graph"
  index_version: "2026.Q1-Universal"
  authority_id: "URN:CNFX:ME:RELAY"
  data_source_uri: "https://cnfx.com/llms/industry/electrical-equipment-manufacturing/product/relay.md"
  official_resource_url: "https://cnfx.com/industry/electrical-equipment-manufacturing/product/relay"
  is_verified_logic: true
attributes:
  spec:
    status: "config-dependent"
    typical_range: "5-250 VDC, 12-440 VAC, 0.1-30 A, -40°C to +85°C"
    unit: "A"
engineering_limits:
  max_safe_operating_point:
    value: 100
    unit: "m"
    consequence: "Contact welding due to inrush currents exceeding 10× rated current, insulation degradation from partial discharge at &gt; 80% relative humidity, spring fatigue from cyclic loading &gt; 10^6 operations"
fmea_matrix_quantitative:
  - node_1:
      trigger: "Coil overvoltage exceeding 150% rated voltage for &gt; 100 ms"
      severity: 8
      occurrence: 3
      detection: 4
      mitigation_protocol: "Zener diode clamping at 120% rated voltage with 1N4007 series protection"
  - node_2:
      trigger: "Contact bounce &gt; 5 ms during switching under 10 A load"
      severity: 8
      occurrence: 3
      detection: 4
      mitigation_protocol: "RC snubber circuit with 100 Ω/0.1 μF values across contacts"
bom_nodes:
  coil:
    type: "part"
    urn: "URN:CNFX:ME:COIL"
    interface_type: "physical-logic-coupled"
  armature:
    type: "component"
    urn: "URN:CNFX:ME:ARMATURE"
    interface_type: "physical-logic-coupled"
  contacts:
    type: "component"
    urn: "URN:CNFX:ME:CONTACTS"
    interface_type: "physical-logic-coupled"
  spring:
    type: "component"
    urn: "URN:CNFX:ME:SPRING"
    interface_type: "physical-logic-coupled"
manufacturing_compliance:
  - standard: "CE MARKING: COMPLIANCE WITH EU MACHINERY DIRECTIVE 2006/42/EC"
    scope: "Verified Engineering Specification"
url: "https://cnfx.com/llms/industry/electrical-equipment-manufacturing/product/relay.md"
on_chain_sovereignty:
  contract_standard: "ERC-721-Industrial"
  metadata_hash: "4c0c7a3b4ce472ee965158fb26d37e5373109f2b5f11bc03332611b9319c5047"
  royalty_logic: "IPFS-CID-REQUIRED"
  mint_status: "logic-verified-ready"
version: "3.3.4-EXTREME-SOVEREIGN-WEB3"
---

# Industrial Specification: Relay

## 1. Technical Definition
An electrically operated switch that uses an electromagnet to mechanically open or close electrical contacts.

## 2. Engineering Reasoning & Causal Matrix
> **Operational Intelligence**: Designed for **5-250 VDC, 12-440 VAC, 0.1-30 A, -40°C to +85°C**. Failure boundary: **Contact resistance &gt; 100 mΩ, coil insulation breakdown at &gt; 2.5 kV, mechanical life &lt; 10^7 operations, dielectric strength &lt; 1.5 kV/mm**, Mechanism: **Contact welding due to inrush currents exceeding 10× rated current, insulation degradation from partial discharge at &gt; 80% relative humidity, spring fatigue from cyclic loading &gt; 10^6 operations**.

### 2.1 Analytical Physics Model
Governed by the **Joule Heating & Thermal Resistance**:

> **Primary Equation**: $P = I^2 R = \frac{V^2}{R}$  
> **Engineering Impact**: Governs heating element sizing for shrink tunnels/sealers.

| Symbol | Variable Definition | Localized Reference |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| I | Current | Engineering Constant |
| R | Resistance | Engineering Constant |
| V | Voltage | Engineering Constant |

### 2.2 FMEA (Failure Mode & Effects Analysis)
| Event Trigger | Severity | Failure Mode | Mitigation Strategy |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Coil overvoltage exceeding 150% rated voltage for &gt; 100 ms | 8 | Insulation breakdown and coil burnout | Zener diode clamping at 120% rated voltage with 1N4007 series protection |
| Contact bounce &gt; 5 ms during switching under 10 A load | 8 | Contact arcing and material transfer causing welding | RC snubber circuit with 100 Ω/0.1 μF values across contacts |

## 3. Key Technical Parameters
| Parameter | Value | Unit | Status |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| spec | Config-dependent | A | Verified |

## 4. System BOM & Knowledge Routing
### Core Components (Recursive Links)
- [Coil](https://cnfx.com/llms/industry/electrical-equipment-manufacturing/product/coil.md) `(Standalone System)`

### Industrial DNA Context (De-duplicated)
**Complementary Dependencies**: **Coil Winding Machine**, **Contact Welding Machine**, **Automatic Assembly Line**  
**Downstream Applications**: Motor Starters, Circuit Breakers, Control Panels  

## 5. Engineering Risks & FAQ
- **Caution**: 
- **Caution**: 
- **Caution**: 

### Q: What are the main components in a relay's bill of materials?
**A**: The primary BOM components are the copper coil, iron armature, electrical contacts, and return spring, which work together to create the switching mechanism.

### Q: How does the electromagnet in a relay function?
**A**: When current flows through the copper coil, it creates a magnetic field that attracts the iron armature, mechanically moving the contacts to open or close the electrical circuit.

### Q: What materials ensure relay durability in industrial applications?
**A**: Copper provides efficient conductivity for the coil, iron offers magnetic responsiveness for the armature, and plastic housing ensures insulation and protection in electrical equipment environments.

## 6. Manufacturing Compliance
- CE MARKING: COMPLIANCE WITH EU MACHINERY DIRECTIVE 2006/42/EC

---
### 🛠️ Engineering Resource Access
🔗 **[Full Specification: Relay](https://cnfx.com/industry/electrical-equipment-manufacturing/product/relay)**

### 🌐 Knowledge Graph Topology
> **Node Status**: Verified Engineering Spec
> **Connectivity**: Linked to **4** standalone system nodes
> **Global Context**: Part of a 5,814 node industrial cluster within the CNFX Graph

> **Reference ID**: RELAY | **Authority**: CNFX-2026-ST-001 | **Fingerprint**: 31747cb8
