---
title: "Transformer / Inductor"
industry: "Electrical Equipment Manufacturing"
verification_protocol:
  urn: "URN:CNFX:ME:TRANSFORMER_INDUCTOR"
  data_integrity_hash: "c86cef25e400c3d6058c71c7b5d2f3a0"
  source_authority: "https://cnfx.com"
  strict_mode: true
source_identity:
  provider: "CNFX Industrial Knowledge Graph"
  index_version: "2026.Q1-Universal"
  authority_id: "URN:CNFX:ME:TRANSFORMER_INDUCTOR"
  data_source_uri: "https://cnfx.com/llms/industry/electrical-equipment-manufacturing/product/transformer-inductor.md"
  official_resource_url: "https://cnfx.com/industry/electrical-equipment-manufacturing/product/transformer-inductor"
  is_verified_logic: true
attributes:
  spec:
    status: "config-dependent"
    typical_range: "0.1-1000 kVA for power transformers, 1 μH-10 H for inductors"
    unit: "mm"
engineering_limits:
  max_safe_operating_point:
    value: 2.0
    unit: "T"
    consequence: "Core saturation due to excessive magnetic flux density (Bmax = μ0μrH), dielectric breakdown from electric field strength exceeding insulation material's dielectric strength, thermal degradation from Arrhenius equation (reaction rate doubles per 10°C rise above rated temperature)"
fmea_matrix_quantitative:
  - node_1:
      trigger: "Core saturation from DC bias current exceeding 10% of rated AC current"
      severity: 8
      occurrence: 3
      detection: 4
      mitigation_protocol: "Gapped core design with air gap length calculated using lg = (μ0N^2Ae)/L to prevent saturation, DC blocking capacitors in series"
  - node_2:
      trigger: "Partial discharge inception at &gt;3 pC discharge magnitude in transformer insulation"
      severity: 8
      occurrence: 3
      detection: 4
      mitigation_protocol: "Vacuum pressure impregnation with epoxy resin having &gt;30 kV/mm dielectric strength, corona shielding using semiconductor coatings at winding edges"
bom_nodes:
  magnetic-core:
    type: "component"
    urn: "URN:CNFX:ME:MAGNETIC_CORE"
    interface_type: "physical-logic-coupled"
  winding:
    type: "component"
    urn: "URN:CNFX:ME:WINDING"
    interface_type: "physical-logic-coupled"
  bobbin:
    type: "component"
    urn: "URN:CNFX:ME:BOBBIN"
    interface_type: "physical-logic-coupled"
  insulation:
    type: "component"
    urn: "URN:CNFX:ME:INSULATION"
    interface_type: "physical-logic-coupled"
manufacturing_compliance:
  - standard: "ISO 9001:2015 - QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS"
    scope: "Verified Engineering Specification"
url: "https://cnfx.com/llms/industry/electrical-equipment-manufacturing/product/transformer-inductor.md"
on_chain_sovereignty:
  contract_standard: "ERC-721-Industrial"
  metadata_hash: "66a3f36f473fe93f7f9268193b865ecbf97a772cc474a0e595aceefc8a3658e6"
  royalty_logic: "IPFS-CID-REQUIRED"
  mint_status: "logic-verified-ready"
version: "3.3.4-EXTREME-SOVEREIGN-WEB3"
---

# Industrial Specification: Transformer / Inductor

## 1. Technical Definition
Electromagnetic components in power converters that transfer energy, change voltage levels, or store energy in magnetic fields.

## 2. Engineering Reasoning & Causal Matrix
> **Operational Intelligence**: Designed for **0.1-1000 kVA for power transformers, 1 μH-10 H for inductors**. Failure boundary: **Core saturation flux density exceeding 1.6-2.0 T for silicon steel, insulation breakdown at &gt;25 kV/mm for transformer oil, thermal runaway at &gt;180°C for Class H insulation**, Mechanism: **Core saturation due to excessive magnetic flux density (Bmax = μ0μrH), dielectric breakdown from electric field strength exceeding insulation material's dielectric strength, thermal degradation from Arrhenius equation (reaction rate doubles per 10°C rise above rated temperature)**.

### 2.1 Analytical Physics Model
Governed by the **Joule Heating & Thermal Resistance**:

> **Primary Equation**: $P = I^2 R = \frac{V^2}{R}$  
> **Engineering Impact**: Governs heating element sizing for shrink tunnels/sealers.

| Symbol | Variable Definition | Localized Reference |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| I | Current | Engineering Constant |
| R | Resistance | Engineering Constant |
| V | Voltage | Engineering Constant |

### 2.2 FMEA (Failure Mode & Effects Analysis)
| Event Trigger | Severity | Failure Mode | Mitigation Strategy |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Core saturation from DC bias current exceeding 10% of rated AC current | 8 | Inductor overheating to &gt;200°C due to increased core losses (Pcore ∝ Bmax^2 f^1.3) | Gapped core design with air gap length calculated using lg = (μ0N^2Ae)/L to prevent saturation, DC blocking capacitors in series |
| Partial discharge inception at &gt;3 pC discharge magnitude in transformer insulation | 8 | Progressive insulation breakdown leading to winding-to-winding short circuit | Vacuum pressure impregnation with epoxy resin having &gt;30 kV/mm dielectric strength, corona shielding using semiconductor coatings at winding edges |

## 3. Key Technical Parameters
| Parameter | Value | Unit | Status |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| spec | Config-dependent | mm | Verified |

## 4. System BOM & Knowledge Routing
### Core Components (Recursive Links)

### Industrial DNA Context (De-duplicated)
**Complementary Dependencies**: **Winding Machine**, **Vacuum Impregnation System**, **Core Assembly Press**  
**Downstream Applications**: Switch Mode Power Supplies, Electric Vehicle Chargers, Industrial Motor Drives  

## 5. Engineering Risks & FAQ
- **Caution**: 
- **Caution**: 
- **Caution**: 

### Q: What are the main differences between ferrite core and silicon steel core transformers?
**A**: Ferrite cores excel in high-frequency applications with low core losses, while silicon steel cores are ideal for low-frequency power transformers due to higher saturation flux density and better efficiency at 50/60Hz.

### Q: How do I select the right insulation materials for transformer windings?
**A**: Consider operating temperature class, dielectric strength, thermal conductivity, and environmental factors. Common materials include polyester film, Nomex, and epoxy coatings, with selection based on voltage requirements and thermal management needs.

### Q: What factors affect the efficiency of inductors in power converters?
**A**: Core material properties (permeability, losses), winding resistance (copper quality and configuration), operating frequency, and thermal design all significantly impact inductor efficiency in switching power supplies and converters.

## 6. Manufacturing Compliance
- ISO 9001:2015 - QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

---
### 🛠️ Engineering Resource Access
🔗 **[Full Specification: Transformer / Inductor](https://cnfx.com/industry/electrical-equipment-manufacturing/product/transformer-inductor)**

### 🌐 Knowledge Graph Topology
> **Node Status**: Verified Engineering Spec
> **Connectivity**: Linked to **4** standalone system nodes
> **Global Context**: Part of a 5,814 node industrial cluster within the CNFX Graph

> **Reference ID**: TRANSFORMER_INDUCTOR | **Authority**: CNFX-2026-ST-001 | **Fingerprint**: 34a2abc3
