ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter)

An Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) is an electronic component that transforms continuous-time analog signals (such as voltage or current from sensors) into discrete digital values (binary numbers) that can be processed by digital systems like microcontrollers, PLCs, or computers. In industrial applications, ADCs are critical for monitoring and controlling processes by digitizing sensor outputs from temperature, pressure, flow, and other transmitters.

ADCs operate by sampling an analog input signal at regular intervals, quantizing each sample to a specific voltage level, and encoding it into a binary digital output. Common methods include successive approximation, delta-sigma modulation, and flash conversion, with resolution (bits) and sampling rate determining accuracy and speed.