Editorial Technical Reference

Calandria or Heat Exchanger Bundle

This page explains how Calandria or Heat Exchanger Bundle is classified within Chemical Manufacturing. Technical values and manufacturer relationships are research references; confirm the current specification and supplier evidence for each order.

Technical Definition & Core Assembly

A heat transfer assembly consisting of multiple tubes arranged in a bundle, used for evaporation or heating within vacuum evaporator systems.

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Calandria or Heat Exchanger Bundle in a manufacturing environment
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Product Specifications

Technical details and manufacturing context for Calandria or Heat Exchanger Bundle

Definition
The Calandria or Heat Exchanger Bundle is a critical component of a Multi-Stage Vacuum Evaporator Train. It comprises a collection of tubes through which a heating medium, typically steam, flows. The bundle provides the necessary thermal energy to evaporate liquid from the product solution under vacuum conditions, enabling concentration through multiple evaporation stages while maintaining product quality at lower temperatures. This design is essential in chemical manufacturing processes where heat-sensitive products require gentle evaporation. The bundle is typically constructed from materials such as stainless steel (304/316L), titanium, duplex steel, or nickel alloys, selected based on corrosion resistance and process requirements. Key design parameters include design pressure (1.0–1.6 MPa on the shell side), design temperature (150–200°C), tube outer diameter (25–38 mm), wall thickness (1.2–2.0 mm), tube length (3000–6000 mm), number of tubes (100–500), heat transfer area (20–150 m²), tube pitch (32–48 mm), and weight (500–3000 kg). These values are reference ranges and must be confirmed for the specific application. Standards such as GB/T 151, ISO 4200, TEMA, ASTM A312, and ASTM A240 are referenced for design, manufacturing, and material verification. The bundle's performance is verified through hydrostatic leak tests at pressures of 1.5–2.4 MPa. Proper selection and maintenance are crucial for efficient operation and longevity. Always verify model-specific values and standards with the legal manufacturer or supplier before procurement or use.
Working Principle
Heating medium (steam or hot fluid) flows through the tubes, transferring heat to the product solution surrounding the tube bundle. The temperature difference causes evaporation of the solvent (usually water) from the product, with the vacuum system reducing pressure to lower boiling points and improve energy efficiency. The bundle's design ensures efficient heat transfer while accommodating thermal expansion and maintaining structural integrity under vacuum conditions.
Common Materials
Stainless Steel (304/316L), Titanium, Duplex Steel, Nickel Alloys
Technical Parameters
ParameterTypical rangeNotes & selection driver
Design Pressure1.0–1.6 MPaMax allowable working pressure for shell side.GB/T 151
Design Temperature150–200 °CMaximum metal temperature for tube bundle.GB/T 151
Tube Outer Diameter25–38 mmCommon sizes for heat exchanger tubes.ISO 4200
Tube Wall Thickness1.2–2.0 mmAffects pressure rating and corrosion allowance.ISO 4200
Tube Length3000–6000 mmDetermines heat transfer area.ISO 4200
Number of Tubes100–500 pcsDepends on required heat duty.
Heat Transfer Area20–150 m²Total effective area for heat exchange.TEMA
Tube Pitch32–48 mmCenter-to-center distance between tubes.TEMA
Tube Material316LStainless steel for corrosion resistance.ASTM A312
Tube Sheet Material316LMatching material for tube sheet.ASTM A240
Leak Test Pressure1.5–2.4 MPaHydrostatic test pressure for shell side.GB/T 151
Weight500–3000 kgApproximate weight of bundle.

Ranges are indicative industry figures for RFQ preparation, not a supplier commitment. Confirm every value and standard with the legal manufacturer before ordering.

Components / BOM
  • Heat Exchange Tubes Part
    Primary heat transfer surface where heating medium flows and transfers thermal energy to the product
    Material: Stainless Steel/Titanium
  • Tube Sheets Part
    Support and secure tubes at both ends, maintaining tube alignment and sealing between tube side and shell side
    Material: Carbon Steel/Stainless Steel
  • Baffles/Support Plates Part
    Provide structural support to tubes, prevent vibration, and direct fluid flow around the tube bundle
    Material: Stainless Steel
  • Tie Rods and Spacers Part
    Maintain bundle integrity and proper spacing between baffles
    Material: Stainless Steel

Application & selection

Application Fit & Sizing Matrix

Operational Limits
pressure: Full vacuum to 10 bar (typical), up to 25 bar with reinforced design
flow rate: 0.5-5 m/s tube-side velocity (optimal range)
temperature: -20°C to 300°C (typical), up to 400°C with special materials
slurry concentration: Up to 40% solids by weight (depending on particle size and abrasiveness)
Media Compatibility
✓ Sugar syrups and juices in evaporation ✓ Chemical process brines and solutions ✓ Food-grade dairy and beverage concentrates
Unsuitable: Highly corrosive chlorinated media without appropriate corrosion-resistant materials
Sizing Data Required
  • Required evaporation/heating duty (kW or BTU/hr)
  • Available steam pressure and temperature (or heating medium conditions)
  • Desired concentration factor and final product solids content

Risk, maintenance & compliance

Reliability & Engineering Risk Analysis

Failure Mode & Root Cause
Tube wall thinning due to flow-accelerated corrosion
Cause: High fluid velocity combined with corrosive conditions (e.g., oxygenated water, acidic pH) erodes protective oxide layers, leading to accelerated metal loss.
Tube-to-tubesheet joint leakage
Cause: Thermal cycling stresses, vibration, or improper initial rolling/expansion during fabrication causing fatigue cracks or loosening at the joint interface.
Maintenance Indicators
  • Visible external leaks or salt deposits around tube ends or shell connections
  • Abnormal pressure drop across the bundle or temperature approach deviation beyond design limits
Engineering Tips
  • Implement regular non-destructive testing (e.g., eddy current testing) to monitor tube wall thickness and detect thinning early
  • Ensure proper water chemistry control (e.g., pH, oxygen scavenging) and install flow straighteners to reduce localized high-velocity erosion

Indicative industry ranges for design and RFQ preparation. Confirm the exact figures and applicable standard with the manufacturer before specifying.

Compliance & Manufacturing Standards

Applicable Standards
ISO 16812:2021 - Shell-and-tube heat exchangers ASME BPVC Section VIII - Rules for construction of pressure vessels EN 13445 - Unfired pressure vessels

Quoted from the published standard.

Manufacturing Precision
  • Tube-to-tubesheet weld: 100% radiographic testing per ASME Sec. V
  • Tube bundle straightness: ±1.5mm per meter length
Quality Inspection
  • Hydrostatic pressure test at 1.5x design pressure
  • Eddy current testing of heat exchanger tubes
Technical documentation
Request current drawings, revision history, and a signed specification sheet.
Manufacturing capability
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Inspection readiness
Confirm test methods, calibrated equipment, sampling plans, and traceable reports.
Supplier transparency
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Frequently Asked Questions

What is the primary function of a Calandria or Heat Exchanger Bundle?

It transfers heat from a heating medium (typically steam) to the product solution, causing evaporation of the solvent under vacuum conditions. This enables concentration of the product at lower temperatures, preserving quality.

Which materials are commonly used for the bundle?

Common materials include stainless steel (304/316L), titanium, duplex steel, and nickel alloys. The choice depends on corrosion resistance, temperature, and pressure requirements.

What are typical design parameters for this component?

Typical ranges include design pressure 1.0–1.6 MPa (shell side), design temperature 150–200°C, tube outer diameter 25–38 mm, wall thickness 1.2–2.0 mm, tube length 3000–6000 mm, number of tubes 100–500, heat transfer area 20–150 m², tube pitch 32–48 mm, and weight 500–3000 kg. These are reference values and must be confirmed for specific applications.

What standards are referenced for design and testing?

Standards such as GB/T 151, ISO 4200, TEMA, ASTM A312, and ASTM A240 are referenced. Hydrostatic leak tests are performed at pressures of 1.5–2.4 MPa. Always verify compliance with the legal manufacturer or supplier.

Data basis: editorial classification, named public sources where available, and source-reviewed manufacturer records. See the editorial policy.

Related equipment

Applied To / Applications

This component is essential for the following industrial systems and equipment:

Multi-Stage Vacuum Evaporator Train
View system integration details

Industrial Ecosystem & Supply Chain Structure

Complementary Systems

Data Basis

Editorial classification, named public sources where available, and source-reviewed manufacturer records.

Preliminary Technical Classification
This page supports structured research, RFQ preparation, and supplier evaluation. It does not replace buyer-led supplier qualification, standards review, or technical approval.

Compiled and source-reviewed by the CNFX editorial team. Each manufacturer above links to the page on that company's own website where the product is listed, with the date we checked it. How we source and review · Page last updated 12 October 2026

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