LED Chips

LED chips are solid-state semiconductor devices fabricated from compound semiconductor materials like gallium arsenide (GaAs), gallium phosphide (GaP), or indium gallium nitride (InGaN). They consist of a p-n junction where electron-hole recombination produces photons. When forward-biased with electrical current, electrons and holes recombine in the active region, emitting light at wavelengths determined by the semiconductor's bandgap energy. These chips are typically mounted on substrates with electrodes for electrical connection and integrated into packages with phosphor coatings (for white LEDs) and optical elements to form complete LED devices.

LED chips operate on the principle of electroluminescence in semiconductor materials. When a forward voltage is applied across the p-n junction, electrons from the n-type region and holes from the p-type region are injected into the active region. These charge carriers recombine, releasing energy in the form of photons. The wavelength (color) of emitted light depends on the semiconductor material's bandgap energy, with different materials producing specific colors from infrared to ultraviolet. White light is typically generated by combining blue LED chips with yellow phosphor coatings or by mixing multiple monochromatic chips.