Editorial Technical Reference

Solid State Relay

This page explains how Solid State Relay is classified within Electrical Equipment Manufacturing. Technical values and manufacturer relationships are research references; confirm the current specification and supplier evidence for each order.

Technical Definition & Core Assembly

A semiconductor-based switching device that controls electrical loads without mechanical contacts.

Representative product image. Confirm appearance and specifications with the manufacturer.

Product Specifications

Technical details and manufacturing context for Solid State Relay

Definition
A solid-state relay (SSR) is an electronic switching device that uses semiconductor components like thyristors, triacs, or MOSFETs to control high-power AC or DC loads. As part of a Power Controller (SSR/PID) system, it functions as the primary power-switching element, receiving low-voltage control signals from the PID controller and switching the main power circuit to regulate temperature, voltage, or current in industrial processes. The SSR provides electrical isolation between the control and load circuits, typically via optocouplers or transformers, and offers fast, silent switching with no moving parts, making it suitable for applications requiring high cycling rates or where mechanical relay wear is a concern. This directory entry covers general SSR characteristics; specific models may vary. Key parameters include load voltage (24–480 V AC), load current (10–100 A at 40°C), control voltage (3–32 V DC), control current (5–20 mA), on-state voltage drop (≤1.5 V), leakage current (≤5 mA), switching time (≤10 ms), dielectric strength (≥2500 V AC for 1 min), insulation resistance (≥100 MΩ at 500 V DC), operating temperature (-40–85°C), storage temperature (-55–125°C), IP rating (IP20–IP40), and weight (50–500 g). These values are reference ranges and must be confirmed for the specific model and application. Standards such as IEC 60947-4-2, IEC 60068-2-1/2, and IEC 60529 are listed as verification references, not as proof of certification. Always consult the manufacturer or supplier for exact specifications and compliance.
Working Principle
The SSR operates by using optocouplers or transformers to electrically isolate the low-voltage control circuit from the high-voltage load circuit. When a control signal is applied, it triggers the semiconductor switching elements (typically thyristors for AC, MOSFETs for DC) to conduct, allowing current to flow through the load. When the control signal is removed, the switching elements turn off at the next zero-crossing point (for AC) or immediately (for DC), interrupting the current flow. This zero-crossing switching reduces electrical noise and stress on the load. The SSR's internal circuitry ensures that the control signal is properly conditioned to drive the semiconductor switch, and the isolation barrier protects the low-voltage control side from high-voltage transients.
Common Materials
Semiconductor silicon, Ceramic substrate, Copper terminals, Epoxy resin encapsulation, Aluminum heat sink
Technical Parameters
ParameterTypical rangeNotes & selection driver
Load Voltage24–480 V ACExceeding max voltage may cause breakdown
Load Current10–100 AContinuous current rating at 40°C
Control Voltage3–32 V DCTypical input range for DC controlled SSR
Control Current5–20 mARequired to trigger the input circuit
On-State Voltage Drop≤1.5 VLower drop reduces power dissipation
Leakage Current≤5 mAAt rated load voltage, off-state
Switching Time≤10 msTurn-on plus turn-off time
Dielectric Strength≥2500 V ACInput to output isolation for 1 min
Insulation Resistance≥100 At 500 V DC between input and output
Operating Temperature-40–85 °CDerate current above 40°CIEC 60068-2-1/2
Storage Temperature-55–125 °CNon-operating conditionIEC 60068-2-1/2
IP RatingIP20–IP40Depends on housing and terminal coverIEC 60529
Weight50–500 gVaries with current rating and heatsink

Ranges are indicative industry figures for RFQ preparation, not a supplier commitment. Confirm every value and standard with the legal manufacturer before ordering.

Components / BOM
  • Optocoupler
    Provides electrical isolation between control and load circuits
    Material: Semiconductor materials with LED and photodetector
  • Thyristor/Triac
    Main switching element for AC loads
    Material: Silicon semiconductor
  • Heat Sink Part
    Dissipates heat generated during operation
    Material: Aluminum alloy
  • Terminal Blocks
    Connection points for load and control wiring
    Material: Copper with nickel plating
  • MOSFET Switch Optional
    Carries the load on DC builds, where a thyristor would never turn off by itself.

Applied To / Applications

This component is essential for the following industrial systems and equipment:

Industrial Ecosystem & Supply Chain Structure

Complementary Systems
Downstream Applications
Specialized Tooling

Application Fit & Sizing Matrix

Operational Limits
current: Up to 100A (load dependent)
voltage: Up to 600V AC/DC (input/output dependent)
temperature: -40°C to +85°C (operating), -55°C to +125°C (storage)
switching speed: Typically <10ms
isolation voltage: 2500V to 5000V RMS
Media Compatibility
✓ Inductive loads (motors, solenoids) ✓ Resistive loads (heaters, lamps) ✓ Capacitive loads (power supplies, soft-start circuits)
Unsuitable: High-frequency RF switching applications (>10kHz)
Sizing Data Required
  • Load current rating (continuous & surge)
  • Load voltage type and magnitude (AC/DC, RMS/peak)
  • Control signal characteristics (voltage, current, isolation requirements)

Reliability & Engineering Risk Analysis

Failure Mode & Root Cause
Thermal runaway leading to short circuit
Cause: Excessive heat buildup due to inadequate heat sinking, high ambient temperatures, or overcurrent conditions causing semiconductor junction temperature to exceed maximum ratings
Gate oxide breakdown
Cause: Voltage transients (spikes) exceeding the gate-source voltage rating, electrostatic discharge (ESD) during handling, or gradual degradation from prolonged exposure to high dv/dt conditions
Maintenance Indicators
  • Audible buzzing or humming from the relay during operation (indicating arcing or switching issues)
  • Visible discoloration, charring, or bulging of the relay housing (indicating severe overheating)
Engineering Tips
  • Ensure proper heat sinking with appropriate thermal interface material and verify airflow meets manufacturer specifications to maintain junction temperatures within safe limits
  • Implement snubber circuits (RC networks) across the relay output to suppress voltage transients and reduce dv/dt stress on semiconductor components

Indicative industry ranges for design and RFQ preparation. Confirm the exact figures and applicable standard with the manufacturer before specifying.

Compliance & Manufacturing Standards

Applicable Standards
IEC 60947-4-3: Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 4-3: Contactors and motor-starters - AC semiconductor controllers and contactors for non-motor loads UL 508: Standard for Industrial Control Equipment EN 60947-4-3: Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 4-3: Contactors and motor-starters - AC semiconductor controllers and contactors for non-motor loads (CE marking basis)

Quoted from the published standard.

Manufacturing Precision
  • Load Voltage Accuracy: +/- 1% of rated voltage
  • Switching Time Consistency: +/- 5% of specified turn-on/turn-off time
Quality Inspection
  • Dielectric Strength Test (Hi-Pot Test): Verifies insulation integrity at high voltage
  • Thermal Cycling Test: Validates performance under repeated temperature variations

Manufacturers of Solid State Relay

9 companies list this product among what they make. Company figures are quoted from each company's own website; every card states where the relationship came from.

Andeli Group Co., Ltd.
Shanghai, CN
Founded 19853000 + staff235,000 m²
Listed on the company's own website · profile compiled by CNFX from public sources
Xiamen Maxwell Automation Limited
Fujian, CN
Founded 2011
CE
Listed on the company's own website · profile compiled by CNFX from public sources
CNC Electric
Zhejiang, CN
Listed on the company's own website · profile compiled by CNFX from public sources
GNS Components Limited
Hong Kong, CN
Listed on the company's own website · profile compiled by CNFX from public sources
Greegoo Electric
Zhejiang, CN
Listed on the company's own website · profile compiled by CNFX from public sources
HONGFA
Xiamen, Fujian, CN
Listed on the company's own website · profile compiled by CNFX from public sources
Yueqing Yumo Electric Co., Ltd.
Zhejiang, CN
Listed on the company's own website · profile compiled by CNFX from public sources
YUEQING YUMO ELECTRIC CO.,LTD
Zhejiang, CN
Also makes: Check Valve, Diaphragm Valve, Butterfly Valve and 9 more
Listed on the company's own website · profile compiled by CNFX from public sources
ZHEJIANG HUAJING RECTIFIER CO.,LTD.
Zhejiang, CN
Also makes: AC-DC Converter, Bridge Rectifier, Power Module and 1 more
Listed on the company's own website · profile compiled by CNFX from public sources

Manufacturer listings support early research and capability understanding. They are not certification, ranking, or transaction guarantees.

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Frequently Asked Questions

What is the typical load voltage range for a solid state relay?

The load voltage range is typically 24–480 V AC, as listed in the directory. However, this is a reference range; the actual range depends on the specific SSR model. Always check the datasheet or consult the manufacturer for the exact voltage rating.

How does an SSR achieve electrical isolation between control and load circuits?

An SSR uses optocouplers or transformers to isolate the low-voltage control circuit from the high-voltage load circuit. This isolation prevents high-voltage transients from affecting the control electronics and enhances safety.

What is the significance of zero-crossing switching in an SSR?

Zero-crossing switching turns the SSR on or off at the point where the AC voltage crosses zero, reducing electrical noise and inrush current. This minimizes stress on the load and the switching device, extending its lifespan.

What standards are relevant for verifying SSR specifications?

Relevant standards include IEC 60947-4-2 for low-voltage switchgear and controlgear, IEC 60068-2-1/2 for environmental testing, and IEC 60529 for degrees of protection (IP rating). These standards serve as verification references; the manufacturer or supplier should confirm compliance for the specific model.

Data Basis

Editorial classification, named public sources where available, and source-reviewed manufacturer records.

Preliminary Technical Classification
This page supports structured research, RFQ preparation, and supplier evaluation. It does not replace buyer-led supplier qualification, standards review, or technical approval.
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