Rotating Anode (Target) for X-Ray Tubes: Specifications and Selection

Product Specifications

Technical details and manufacturing context for Rotating Anode (Target)

Definition

The rotating anode (target) is a critical component within an X-ray tube, typically made of tungsten or a tungsten-rhenium alloy. It serves as the focal point where high-energy electrons from the cathode collide, producing X-rays through bremsstrahlung and characteristic radiation. Its rotation distributes heat over a larger surface area, allowing for higher power loads and longer tube life compared to stationary anodes. The anode is mounted on a rotor and spins at high speeds (typically 3,000-10,000 RPM). When electrons from the cathode filament strike the angled target surface (the focal track), their kinetic energy is converted into X-rays (approximately 1%) and heat (approximately 99%). The rotation spreads the intense electron bombardment over a circular annulus, preventing localized overheating and melting. Key parameters include target diameter (70–120 mm), thickness (10–20 mm), rotor speed (3,000–10,000 RPM), maximum input power (20–100 kW), target angle (6–17°), focal spot size (0.3–1.2 mm), operating temperature (20–400°C), target material (W-Re 90/10 per ASTM B760), surface roughness (≤0.4 μm Ra per ISO 4287), balancing grade (G2.5 per ISO 1940-1), and weight (0.5–2.0 kg). These values are typical ranges; verify model-specific specifications with the legal manufacturer or supplier. The rotating anode is used in medical imaging, industrial inspection, and scientific analysis. Selection depends on required X-ray output, heat dissipation, and focal spot resolution. Proper installation and maintenance are essential to prevent premature failure. Common failure modes include target cracking, bearing wear, and imbalance. Regular inspection of surface condition and rotor performance is recommended. Always consult the manufacturer's documentation for specific operating limits and maintenance procedures.

Working Principle

The anode is mounted on a rotor and spins at high speeds (typically 3,000-10,000 RPM). When electrons from the cathode filament strike the angled target surface (the focal track), their kinetic energy is converted into X-rays (approximately 1%) and heat (approximately 99%). The rotation spreads the intense electron bombardment over a circular annulus, preventing localized overheating and melting.

Common Materials

Tungsten (W), Tungsten-Rhenium alloy (W-Re), Molybdenum (Mo) for the rotor/stem

Technical Parameters

Parameter	Typical range	Notes & selection driver
Target Diameter	70–120 mm	Larger diameter improves heat dissipation and power rating.
Target Thickness	10–20 mm	Thicker target increases thermal capacity.
Rotor Speed	3000–10000 rpm	Higher speed spreads heat over larger area.
Maximum Input Power	20–100 kW	Determines maximum X-ray output and heat load.
Target Angle	6–17 °	Affects focal spot size and field coverage.
Focal Spot Size	0.3–1.2 mm	Smaller spot gives higher resolution but lower power.
Operating Temperature	20–400 °C	Exceeding 400°C may cause target cracking.
Target Material	W-Re (90/10)	Tungsten-rhenium alloy for high thermal resistance.ASTM B760
Surface Roughness	≤0.4 μm Ra	Smooth surface reduces electron backscatter.ISO 4287
Balancing Grade	G2.5	Prevents vibration at high rotational speeds.ISO 1940-1
Weight	0.5–2.0 kg	Affects rotor bearing load and motor sizing.

Ranges are indicative industry figures for RFQ preparation, not a supplier commitment. Confirm every value and standard with the legal manufacturer before ordering.

Components / BOM

Anode Disc/Target
The metal disc (usually tungsten) that emits X-rays upon electron impact.

Material: Tungsten or Tungsten alloy
Rotor Part
The rotating assembly, often made of copper and molybdenum, that spins the anode disc via magnetic induction from the stator.

Material: Copper, Molybdenum
Stem Part
Connects the anode disc to the rotor, providing thermal and mechanical support.

Material: Molybdenum
Focal Track
The specific ring-shaped area on the anode disc where electrons are focused and X-rays are generated.

Material: Tungsten-Rhenium alloy

Industry Taxonomies & Aliases

Commonly used trade names and technical identifiers for Rotating Anode (Target).

Applied To / Applications

This component is essential for the following industrial systems and equipment:

X-ray Tube

View system integration details

Manufacturers of Rotating Anode (Target)

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Frequently Asked Questions

What materials are used for rotating anodes?

Rotating anodes are typically made of tungsten or a tungsten-rhenium alloy (e.g., W-Re 90/10) for the target surface, with molybdenum for the rotor or stem. These materials offer high thermal resistance and durability.

What are typical rotor speeds for rotating anodes?

Typical rotor speeds range from 3,000 to 10,000 RPM. Higher speeds spread heat over a larger area, improving heat dissipation and allowing higher power loads.

How does the target angle affect X-ray output?

The target angle (typically 6–17°) affects the focal spot size and field coverage. A smaller angle can produce a smaller focal spot for higher resolution but may limit power handling.

What are common failure modes of rotating anodes?

Common failure modes include target cracking due to thermal stress, bearing wear, and imbalance. Operating within specified temperature limits (20–400°C) and proper maintenance can mitigate these issues.

Data Basis

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Preliminary Technical Classification

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pressure:	High vacuum (10^-4 to 10^-7 Torr)
other spec:	Rotation speed: 3000-10000 RPM, Electron beam power: 10-150 kW
temperature:	Ambient to 1500°C (operating surface temperature)

Rotating Anode (Target)

Product Specifications

Industry Taxonomies & Aliases

Applied To / Applications

Industrial Ecosystem & Supply Chain Structure

Application Fit & Sizing Matrix

Reliability & Engineering Risk Analysis

Compliance & Manufacturing Standards